Electroosmotic is one of the four electrokinetic phenomena that is formed by applying an electric field to an ionized electrolyte near the charged dielectric surface. Due to the applying of this electric field change the arrangement of ions within the electrolyte, and eventually a region called the Electric double layer is formed near the surface. The thickness of this layer is approximated by the Debye length. In this study, the Because the Reynolds number in in microfluidic devices is usually very low. Therefore, achieving to sufficient mixing in electroosmotic microchannel flow has been a challenge. For this purpose, a non uniform distribution of surface potential for flow mixing is considered. This type of charge distribution is very efficient for mixing purposes by creating circulations in the microchannel. Lagrangian description is used to solve the governing equations. The method used in this research is the constant density weakly compressible particle hydrodynamics method. In order to improve the mixing, the effect of changing the Debye length has been analyzed. The results show that increasing the Debye length causes smaller vortexes to be produced and mixing efficiency is reduced.

Following the laser ablation studies leading to a theory of nuclei confinement by a Debye layer mechanism, we present here numerical evaluations for the known stable nuclei where the Coulomb repulsion is included as a rather minor component especially for lager nuclei. It is noticed that the well known empirical nuclear density of 2x1038 cm-3 follows for a nucleon number A<60 for iron. The crucial change of the Fermi energy into the relativistic branch for the nucleons results for a density at 3x1039 cm-3 which density corresponds to the Debye layer equilibrium near uranium to curium above which the Fermi energy will not permit any equilibrium based nucleation. It is speculated whether the range between both densities at the big bang expansion at temperatures of few 100 keV and at 200 seconds after the big bang is resulting in a nuclear-chemical Boltzmann equilibrium for the generation of the endothermic nuclear generation. The question is then open, what additional nuclear expansion forces are acting in the elements between iron and uranium during these equilibrium reactions in nuclei such that the empirical nuclear density is produced.

In an analytical way, effective Debye temperature computations of functional materials are extended to organic liquid mixtures using ultrasonic velocity and density measurements. Thermal properties of an organic liquid mixture containing Aniline + Toluene, Aniline + o-Xylene and Aniline + Mesitylene with different mole fractions have been explained using Debye temperature variations and they are scrutinized to bring out the molecular association due to thermal energy changes of binary liquid mixtures. The results including computation of Debye temperatures using standard formula, ideal mixture relation and modified Lorentz-Bertholet combination mixing rule and their deviations are used to explain thermal energy changes of component molecules in liquid mixtures and their association.

Formation of singular vortices in a magnetized plasma is presented. One is "plasma hole", which is characterized by fast azimuthal rotation and a density hole in its core region. It is found that the charge neutrality condition does break down in the hole region over 1000 times the Debye length. Another example is an anti-E×B vortex, which rotates in the opposite direction to the E×B drift. This result means that there exists a predominant force acting on ions other than the electric field. The interaction between ions and neutral flow and the resultant momentum transfer play an essential role on generation of anti-E x B rotation.

Data on CO2 loading in aqueous solutions of MDEA was obtained at temperatures of 40, 55 and 70oC and CO2 partial pressures ranging from 20 to 5000 kPa and 2.52, 3.36 and 4.28 Kmol/m3 concentrations of MDEA.  All experiments were repeated at least 3 times.Equilibrium data on the absorption of CO2 in aqueous solutions of N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) were studied using Extended Debye-Hückel model (E-DH). Prediction was also made on the partial pressures of CO2 in other temperatures and concentrations of MDEA.In all cases, it was found that the model was able to give a relatively good CO2 loading over a wide range of operating conditions. In this work, interaction parameters of this model were obtained by minimization of objective function in terms of partial pressure of CO2 and interaction parameters are explained in term of temperature. All the data were obtained by a new method using a modified autoclave reactor. The compositions of the liquid were analyzed by gas chromatograph using a flame ionization detector (FID) and a 10-m×0.5-mm DB-WAX capillary column.

In this paper, the modeling of a thin layer in (finite-difference time-domain) FDTD lattice is considered. The layer can be nonlinear, anisotropic, dispersive and etc. in this paper, the nondispersive medium containing a dispersive thin layer with Debye model is studied. It is assumed that the thickness of the layer is smaller than the size of FDTD cell. Accordingly, the cells containing the layer are inhomogeneous. The equivalent circuit approach is used in order to the homogenization of inhomogeneous FDTD cells. The proposed method gives accurate results for both normal and tangential electric/magnetic field components. The proposed method doesn’ t require to additional computational effort during the simulation, also reduces the memory and computational time requirements.

Introduction: Central vein catheterization is a standard clinical method for central venous pressure monitoring besides being used for other therapeutic purposes. The present guidelines recommend to place the catheter tip in the superior vena cava above the pericardial cephalic reflection. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of two different approaches in locating the tip of the CVC at the suggested vascular zone.Material and methods: This was an interventional study on 100 patients undergoing CABG operation who required a central venous cannulation. They were randomly assigned into two groups. In the first group catheter placement was applied through using the conventional 15 cm method. In the second group a Clength method was applied for measuring the depth of catheter tip insertion from the preoperative chest radiographs. For statistical analysis Chi-square test and T-test were used (SPSS v.22 software).Results: In the first group (15 cm) 100% of the patients had their catheters placed below the C-line (Carina line) and the average distance between the catheter tip and the C-line was 4.22±2.10 cm. In the second (CLength) group 52% of the catheters were below C-line with an average distance of 0.77±0.5 cm. There was a meaningful difference between the two groups in respect to the catheter location depth and zone placement. (P=0.00) Conclusion: The C-Length approach in comparison to the conventional 15 cm approach resulted in a considerable higher number of catheters above the recommended C-line, thus it can provide a more reliable and safe mode for CVC placement in the SVC.

The interaction of cold plasma with heterogeneous catalysts has led to some peculiar behavior, especially with silica (SiO2) seeding in presence of 2% alumina (Al2O3). In this paper, we have measured plasma parameters in low temperature arc plasma. I-V characteristics of Langmuir probes are plotted using the data obtained from the experimental set up for single probe method in arc plasma at atmospheric pressure. It is revealed that the used seed modifies the electron temperature of the plasma appreciably while the temperature of the gas in the surrounding remains almost unchanged. The single probe characteristics have been utilized to measure the electron temperature, floating potential, Debye length and electron density. It is found that electron temperature decreases whereas electron density increases appreciably after seeding the arc plasma. The decrease in electron temperature and increase in electron density to 99. 9% are observed after seeding the arc plasma with silica mixture as compared to those before seeding. Variations in plasma parameters such as electron temperature, electron density, plasma frequency and Debye length with discharge voltage are also plotted for the silica seeded arc plasma.

Inside living cells, many essential processes involve deformations of charged helical molecules and the interactions between them. Actin filaments and DNA molecules are important examples of charged helical molecules. In this paper, we consider an impermeable double stranded charged molecule in the solvent. According to the nature, the dielectric constant of the molecule is considerably different from that of the bulk. In order to calculate the electrostatic potential in the problem in the Debye-Huckel regime, we find the proper Debye-Huckel Green function for the problem. Using this Green function, we calculate the electrostatic potential in the system. Furthermore, we study the dependence of the electrostatic potential on the dielectric inhomogeneity, structural parameters and the salt concentration. This study could shed some light on the role of electrostatic interactions in many essential processes involving charged helical molecules such as actin filaments and DNA molecules.

Plasma is a unique phase of matter constituting positively or negatively charged atoms, excited atoms, neutral atoms, electrons, radicals, etcetera displaying a unique role in the nuclear fusion research besides studying electrical discharges in the domain of switching devices and biomedical applications lately. We discuss in this extensive proposition the fundamental plasma characteristics such as Debye length, plasma oscillations, plasma sheath and condition for sustainability and confinement of plasmas, besides examining the elementary waves in plasmas namely zero waves, electron plasma wave and ion plasma wave. The inherent electron plasma wave and ion plasma wave is associated with the driving of plasma currents which in turn depends upon the density perturbation and thermal velocities of the electrons and ions. The application of external electromagnetic radiation such as laser (pump wave) into the plasma modifies the dispersion relations of electron and ion plasma wave, respectively. The laser stimulates a plethora of waves in the plasma and undergoes remarkable physical phenomena such as self-focusing and filamentation of laser beams. The excitation of sideband waves of the laser beams into the plasma plays a key role in imparting ponderomotive force on the electron plasma waves leading to turbulence in the plasmas due to coupling of the waves. The oscillatory velocity of the electron due to pump wave, plasma density perturbation, ponderomotive force and current densities are associated with the excitation of instabilities in the plasma. Conclusively, such waves and instabilities in unmagnetized and magnetized plasma is comprehensively studied and concluded by proposing the investigation of unexplored twisted electromagnetic wave-plasma interaction.